Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH

9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21

Flow

Flow is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Flow. The crypto-asset's Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in 2022, replaces mining with validator staking. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH every block a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block. Once proposed the other validators verify the blocks integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds, and finalization occurs after two epochs (~12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behavior or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. Flow employs a Proof of Stake (PoS) model with a multi-role node architecture and the HotStuff Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocol to achieve high throughput, scalability, and fast finality. Core Components of Flow’s Consensus: 1. Proof of Stake with Multi-Role Architecture: Specialized Node Roles: Flow’s PoS model features a multi-node architecture where node roles are divided among different types of specialized nodes, each responsible for specific tasks. This separation enhances scalability by allowing nodes to focus on particular operations, leading to efficient transaction processing and high throughput. 2. HotStuff Consensus Algorithm: Optimized for High Throughput and Fast Finality: Flow utilizes an optimized version of the HotStuff consensus protocol, which is designed to support high-speed, low-latency transactions essential for Flow’s performance-oriented blockchain. BFT Compliance: HotStuff is a BFT protocol, allowing it to tolerate up to one-third of nodes acting maliciously without compromising the network’s security. This resilience ensures the network remains secure and functional, even with potential faults or dishonest nodes. 3. Leader-Based Block Proposal: Leader and Replica Nodes: HotStuff operates with a leader-based approach where a designated leader node proposes new blocks, and other nodes (replicas) validate these blocks. This method simplifies the consensus process, reducing complexity and improving efficiency. Leader Rotation Mechanism: To prevent centralization and enhance fault tolerance, HotStuff incorporates a leader rotation system, replacing the leader if it becomes unresponsive or acts maliciously. This rotation ensures continuous network reliability and minimizes downtime.

Flow is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Flow. The crypto-asset's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the crypto-asset's fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity. Flow’s incentive model rewards validator nodes, supports ecosystem growth, and maintains affordable fees for developers and users. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Staking Rewards for Specialized Nodes: Role-Based Rewards: Validators earn Flow tokens according to their specific roles and contributions within the multi-node architecture, aligning rewards with each node’s responsibilities to encourage balanced and effective network participation. 2. Transaction Fees: Stable and Consumer-Friendly Fees: Flow’s fee structure is designed for predictability, keeping transaction costs stable for both developers and users. Fees are based on transaction complexity and provide an ongoing income stream for validators. 3. Misbehavior Penalties: Penalties for Downtime or Malicious Behavior: To maintain network stability, Flow imposes penalties on validators for misbehavior or downtime. This incentivizes high-quality validator participation and ensures consistent performance. 4. Ecosystem and Developer Support: Dedicated Portion of Fees and Rewards: A portion of Flow’s transaction fees and rewards is allocated to developer initiatives, ecosystem growth, and community engagement. This investment fosters innovation, supports long-term network health, and aligns incentives for ecosystem development.

2024-09-11

2025-09-11

513584.99108 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called 'bottom-up' approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts. To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) ethereum is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.

32.225548601 (%)

0.00025 (kWh)

0.00000 (tCO2e/a)

170.92792 (tCO2e/a)

0.00008 (kgCO2e)

To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of electricity generated by renewables - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables.

To determine the GHG Emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Carbon intensity of electricity generation - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity Licenced under CC BY 4.0.