Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH

9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21

Concordium

Concordium is a public and permissionless blockchain that employs a Layered Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism combined with a Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol for enhanced security and finality. Core Components of Concordium’s Consensus: 1. Layered PoS Structure: Proof-of-Stake for Block Production: Concordium uses PoS where users, known as validators, stake their tokens to participate in block creation and validation. Each validator’s chances of being selected as the block producer (leader) depend on their staked amount, promoting fair participation. Two-Layer Structure: Concordium separates block production and finalization into two distinct layers to increase security and reduce forks: Block Production Layer: Responsible for creating new blocks and proposing them to the network. Finalization Layer: Ensures blocks are finalized using a BFT protocol, making them irreversible once confirmed. 2. Finalization Layer (BFT Protocol): Byzantine Fault Tolerance: The finalization layer uses a BFT protocol to validate and finalize blocks, ensuring they cannot be altered once added. This layer provides extra security by minimizing the potential for forks, as finalized blocks are definitive. Finalization Committee: A subset of bakers (validators) is chosen as the finalization committee, whose members, known as finalizers, handle the finalization of blocks. This guarantees that confirmed blocks achieve consensus and permanence. 3. Identity-Based Anonymity: Identity Verification: Concordium introduces an identity layer that verifies participant identities while maintaining user anonymity. This approach balances regulatory compliance and privacy, ensuring participants are pseudonymous but verifiable. Sybil Attack Resistance: The combination of PoS and identity verification reduces the risk of Sybil attacks, as participants must have verified identities to contribute to consensus. 4. Leader Selection and Epochs: Leader Selection: In each epoch, a specific baker (validator) is chosen as the leader, responsible for producing blocks. Leader selection uses a random nonce to ensure fairness and unpredictability. Epochs: Each epoch lasts one hour, with fixed bakers for the duration. Leader selection within the epoch is based on each baker’s relative stake, providing proportional chances for leader selection.

Concordium incentivizes network security, participation, and governance through staking rewards, transaction fees, and a dynamic minting model. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Validator Rewards: Transaction Fees and Staking Rewards: Validators who contribute to block creation and verification receive transaction fees and staking rewards. This incentivizes validators to uphold network security and stability. Baker and Finalizer Rewards: Concordium distributes rewards between bakers (validators creating blocks) and finalizers (validators finalizing blocks). Bakers receive the majority of rewards for their role in block production. 2. Staking Rewards: Proportional Rewards: Validators earn rewards based on the size of their stake, encouraging users to participate in staking and network activities. The more CCD tokens staked, the higher the staking reward. Governance Participation: By staking, users gain influence in network governance, including protocol upgrades and policy changes. This mechanism aligns validators’ interests with the platform's long-term goals. 3. Minting Process and Distribution: Daily Minting of CCD Tokens: Concordium mints new CCD tokens daily. This minting rate is governed by preset parameters to control the supply of CCD and ensure a sustainable ecosystem. Distribution Model: 10% of newly minted CCD is allocated to the Concordium Foundation as a Platform Development Charge to support development. 90% is divided as follows: Baker Rewards: 85% of the 90% is allocated to bakers for their role in block production. Finalizer Rewards: 5% of the 90% is allocated to finalizers, incentivizing their contribution to securing block finality. Applicable Fees: 1. Transaction Fees: Dynamic Fee Model: Transaction fees on Concordium vary based on network demand and capacity, adjusting dynamically to ensure sustainable operations. Revenue for Validators: Collected fees are used to compensate validators, motivating them to process transactions accurately and efficiently.

2024-09-14

2025-09-14

66488.40000 (kWh/a)