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In an increasingly digital and connected world, DeFi – or decentralised finance – represents a movement aiming to transform traditional finance. At its core, it shifts technologies and processes like transactions into the hands of individuals to reduce dependency on central institutions.
In this guide, we’ll explain exactly what DeFi means, how it works and how you can get started in the world of decentralised finance. We’ll also explore the risks and challenges in depth, and how DeFi could reshape the traditional financial system.
Decentralised finance (DeFi) replicates traditional financial services but with a focus on transparency.
DeFi promotes financial inclusion and equality of opportunity by offering access to a global financial market without geographic restrictions or the need for a traditional bank account.
Applications aren’t managed or controlled by central authorities but are built on blockchain technology, meaning transactions occur directly between users.
Smart contracts are a core element of the DeFi sector. They encode agreements between "buyer" and "seller" directly into code, removing the need for intermediaries.
DeFi, short for decentralised finance, refers to a financial application ecosystem based on blockchain technology, designed to bypass and improve traditional finance. It enables users to carry out transactions and services such as loans, exchanges and investments directly, without intermediaries. The core principles of DeFi are decentralisation, openness, accessibility and transparency. Smart contracts allow for automated agreements without central authority.
Unlike traditional financial systems that rely on centralised institutions such as banks or governments, DeFi operates through a network of users. This approach can support broader access to financial tools, especially for those with internet access but limited banking options. Blockchain technology underpins DeFi, helping to improve transparency by recording transactions in a public and unchangeable format.
Decentralised finance is made up of various key components. Together, they form an ecosystem that brings traditional financial services onto the blockchain. These components allow users to interact without central institutions, providing greater transparency, security and accessibility.
Decentralised applications, or DApps, are the core of the DeFi ecosystem. They run on a blockchain and offer users a wide range of financial services without the involvement of central authorities.
DApps aren’t limited to the Ethereum (ETH) protocol but are also used across other blockchain platforms, making a broad range of financial services globally accessible.
Smart contracts are the central element of DeFi and enable the creation of automated agreements. These self-executing contracts are stored on the blockchain and carry out pre-defined actions once specific conditions are met, without requiring a central authority.
Their applications in DeFi are wide-ranging, from processing transactions and creating tokens to automating interest payments and conducting governance votes. Smart contracts are therefore essential for building efficient and transparent decentralised financial systems.
DeFi tokens and stablecoins are digital assets that play a key role in decentralised finance. DeFi tokens often serve as governance tokens within a specific DeFi project, giving holders voting rights or a share of the revenue.
Stablecoins bridge the gap to traditional finance by ensuring price stability. They're pegged to stable assets such as the US dollar, reducing the volatility common in cryptoassets.
Decentralised exchanges (DEXs) enable users to trade cryptocurrencies directly with each other, without needing a central custodian. Unlike traditional exchanges, DEXs do not hold users’ funds but use smart contracts to facilitate and secure trades.
This independence from central authorities reduces the risk of theft, censorship and downtime. DEXs are a key element of DeFi as they lay the foundation for open, accessible and secure trading of digital assets.
Decentralised lending and saving platforms are innovative financial tools that let users borrow, lend and earn interest on their cryptocurrencies. These platforms use smart contracts to manage collateral and define loan terms, creating a secure and transparent environment for financial transactions.
Users can make their assets work for them by lending them out or using them as collateral. This transforms the traditional banking model and paves the way for a more inclusive financial world.
Decentralised accounts, also known as wallets, are the gateway to participating in the DeFi ecosystem. While traditional bank accounts are controlled by central institutions, wallets give users full control over their digital assets. They operate using a combination of private and public keys – private keys authorise transactions, while public keys serve as receiving addresses.
Web3 wallets are a specialised form of decentralised wallet that also enables access to DApps. They offer high levels of security and autonomy, giving users full control over their funds while providing easy access to the global financial system without traditional banking infrastructure. Decentralised wallets are therefore the backbone of an inclusive and autonomous financial world.
DeFi opens up opportunities to explore new technologies in finance, but it can also be overwhelming for beginners. From setting up your decentralised account – your wallet – to taking your first steps on DeFi platforms, there’s a lot to consider.
Your first step into the DeFi world is opening a decentralised account in the form of a crypto wallet. This acts like a digital purse in the blockchain world, allowing you to send, receive and store cryptocurrencies.
When choosing a wallet, make sure it’s compatible with the DeFi services you’re interested in. Security is key: note down your private key somewhere safe, and consider using a hardware wallet for larger amounts to protect your digital assets.
Once your wallet is set up, you’re ready to buy crypto. Most DeFi projects are built on the Ethereum blockchain, so Ethereum is a potential choice. Buying and selling coins and tokens – also known as trading – can be done via brokers or exchanges, each with their pros and cons.
For a more detailed introduction to trading crypto, see our guide "How do I start trading cryptoassets?"
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Once your wallet is ready and you've added your first crypto, you can start exploring the DeFi ecosystem. There are several ways to get involved, such as using your assets for staking to support blockchain networks or participating in savings plans that offer passive income potential.
To invest in DeFi, start by choosing the right platform. Look for security, ease of use and the range of services offered. Well-established platforms with active communities and proven track records are a great place to begin your decentralised investment journey.
DeFi opens up new ways to invest your money independently. To make the most of its potential while managing risks, get familiar with the key strategies:
Diversification: Spread your investments across different DeFi projects and tokens to reduce risk.
Risk assessment: Carefully evaluate the specific risks of each DeFi project before investing.
Long-term perspective: Approach DeFi with a long-term outlook to benefit from sustainable growth.
Education and continuous learning: Stay up to date with developments and tech in the DeFi and crypto space so you can understand and respond to market changes.
Use of analytics tools: Leverage data tools to make informed decisions based on trends and market signals.
DeFi can offer broader access to financial services, along with greater transparency, control and flexibility through blockchain technology. It also introduces new ways to manage finances outside of traditional systems.
DeFi makes financial services available to anyone with an internet connection, regardless of geography or social status. This supports financial inclusion, especially for people without access to traditional banking.
Thanks to blockchain, all DeFi transactions are public and immutable. You can track asset movements in real time and be confident that your transactions are secure and verifiable.
DeFi gives users full control over their funds. Instead of entrusting your money to a bank or other institution, you manage your own wallet. This reduces risks such as censorship, frozen accounts or unauthorised access.
DeFi drives financial innovation, enabling new financial products and services not possible in traditional systems. This includes automated lending and complex digital asset trading strategies.
DeFi platforms offer diverse income opportunities well beyond those of conventional savings. Through staking, yield farming and other mechanisms, users can earn passive income with often higher returns than traditional saving products.
While DeFi has many advantages, there are also risks and drawbacks:
Smart contract risks
Fraud in the DeFi ecosystem
Liquidity risks
High volatility
Regulatory uncertainty
Technical vulnerabilities
Smart contracts are the backbone of DeFi apps but aren’t risk-free. Bugs or security gaps can lead to major losses. To reduce risk, invest in projects whose smart contracts are regularly audited by third-party security firms. While not foolproof, audits add a layer of trust.
DeFi isn't immune to scams, including “rug pulls” where developers disappear with users' funds. Conduct thorough due diligence before investing, and look for trustworthy community feedback to identify reliable platforms.
Liquidity issues arise when there aren’t enough funds to meet trading demands or withdrawals. Reduce this risk by investing in high-liquidity pools.
Crypto prices can fluctuate significantly, directly affecting your DeFi investments. Long-term strategies and tools like stop-loss orders can help manage this risk.
DeFi regulations vary worldwide. This can create uncertainty and risk for both projects and investors. Keep up with laws and developments in your country and how they might affect your activities.
Advanced technologies come with technical weak spots. Wallet and platform security is crucial. Use hardware wallets and review security practices regularly to reduce risk.
Do you want to learn more about cryptocurrencies and their various applications? The crypto knowledge hub offers in-depth articles, tutorials, and resources to help you become a crypto expert.
DeFi continues to grow, with new platforms and tech that could reshape traditional finance. From Uniswap’s liquidity model to MakerDAO’s DAI stablecoin, Aave’s lending services and powerful Layer-2 solutions, DeFi is evolving fast.
A leader among decentralised exchanges (DEXs), Uniswap made headlines with its user-friendly interface and automated liquidity model. It enables direct swaps between Ethereum and ERC20 tokens, giving users full control and greater transparency.
MakerDAO pioneered stablecoins with DAI, a token pegged to the US dollar. Users generate DAI by overcollateralising loans, offering a stable value in a volatile market. MakerDAO supports DeFi stability and growth by providing a trusted medium of exchange.
To solve Ethereum’s scalability and cost issues, Layer-2 solutions like Optimism (OP) and Arbitrum (ARB) are gaining ground. These process transactions off-chain to improve efficiency and speed while maintaining security. They’re crucial for scaling DeFi for wider adoption.
Decentralised finance (DeFi) opens the door to a revolutionary financial system defined by transparency, accessibility and autonomy. DeFi has the potential to fundamentally change the way we think about money and wealth management. It enables the delivery of innovative financial services via decentralised exchanges and lending platforms, allowing direct interaction free from traditional institutions.
Still, it's vital to be aware of the risks and proceed with caution to enjoy the many benefits of DeFi safely.
Here we answer some of the most common questions on the topic of decentralised finance.
