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ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
Name | Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH |
Relevant legal entity identifier | 9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21 |
Name of the crypto-asset | NEO |
Consensus Mechanism | NEO is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Neo. The crypto-asset's Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in 2022, replaces mining with validator staking. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH every block a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block. Once proposed the other validators verify the blocks integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds, and finalization occurs after two epochs (~12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behavior or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. The NEO blockchain uses a Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT) consensus mechanism to validate transactions, relying on an elected committee and consensus nodes to maintain security and efficiency. Core Components of dBFT: 1. Candidates: a. Individuals or organizations can register as candidates for committee membership, a process that requires on-chain registration. b. NEO holders vote for candidates based on their NEO holdings, with votes calculated every 21 blocks. c. Elections are valid if more than 20% of all NEO tokens participate in voting. The candidates with the most votes are selected as committee members and consensus nodes. 2. Committee: a. The top 21 candidates with the most votes are elected as committee members. This committee is responsible for governing the network, including electing node roles like Oracle nodes, StateRoot consensus nodes, NeoFS Inner Ring nodes, and consensus nodes. b. The seven members with the highest votes also serve as consensus nodes, responsible for proposing and generating new blocks. Consensus nodes are rotated every 21 blocks to maintain security and decentralization. c. Committee proposals require more than 50% agreement for approval, allowing the committee to update blockchain parameters as needed. |
Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees | NEO is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Neo. The crypto-asset's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the crypto-asset's fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity. The NEO network uses a dual-token model featuring NEO and GAS tokens. NEO serves governance and voting functions, while GAS is used for network operations. Incentive Mechanisms: - NEO Token: Supply and Governance: NEO has a maximum supply of 100 million tokens, is indivisible, and is used for governance activities, including electing consensus nodes and adjusting consensus parameters. Claiming GAS: NEO holders earn GAS based on their holdings, which allows them to participate in the ecosystem without directly purchasing GAS. - GAS Token: Utility and Fees: GAS is the network’s utility token, with a minimum unit of 0.00000001 (1 Datoshi). GAS is required for network fees, including transfers, asset registration, and smart contract execution. GAS transactions are precise, supporting high granularity for fees. Supply: Unlike NEO, GAS has no maximum supply, and transaction fees paid in GAS are burned, which contributes to supply control. - GAS Distribution: Block Rewards: Each block generates 5 GAS, distributed to NEO holders, voters, and the Neo Committee: NEO Holders receive 10%, distributed based on the holding period. Committee & Consensus Nodes receive 10%, with rewards recalculated every 21 blocks based on updated voting. Voters receive 80%, incentivizing voting participation. Rewards are calculated and distributed every epoch (21 blocks), with voters for consensus nodes receiving a higher reward ratio than those voting for non-consensus committee members. |
Beginning of the period | 2024-09-09 |
End of the period | 2025-09-09 |
Energy consumption | 65700.00000 (kWh/a) |