Cena za Kadena (KDA)

Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH

9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21

Kadena

Kadena’s core consensus mechanism is Chainweb, a proof-of-work (PoW) model designed to address the scalability, speed, and energy efficiency challenges typically associated with traditional PoW blockchains. Key Features of Kadena's Consensus Mechanism: 1. Chainweb Protocol: Parallel Blockchains: Kadena uses a unique multi-chain architecture where multiple PoW chains operate in parallel. These chains are connected in such a way that they optimize network throughput and minimize cross-chain transaction complexity. Increased Throughput: The parallel chain design allows Kadena to process more transactions simultaneously, significantly increasing the overall throughput compared to single-chain systems. Cross-Chain Validation: Each chain includes block hashes from its peer chains in its header, enabling trustless validation of cross-chain transactions and ensuring consistency across the entire network. 2. Proof of Work (PoW): Security and Trust: Kadena leverages PoW, where miners solve cryptographic puzzles to validate transactions and add blocks to the chains. This provides a high level of security and trustlessness to the network. Energy Efficiency: While PoW traditionally requires significant energy, Kadena optimizes this by using parallel chains, reducing the computational load on individual chains and making the network more energy-efficient compared to traditional PoW blockchains. 3. Transaction Speed and Finality: Optimized Transactions: Kadena’s parallel chains enable faster transaction processing and lower costs compared to traditional PoW systems. Each chain’s reliance on peer chain block hashes ensures secure and fast finality.

Kadena's incentive model ensures network security and scalability through mining rewards and transaction fees. Incentive Mechanism: 1. Mining Rewards: Block Rewards: Miners earn Kadena’s native cryptocurrency (KDA) for validating transactions and adding blocks to the Chainweb network. Each chain mints its own coin, but all chains use KDA. Cross-Chain Mining: Miners participate in securing multiple chains simultaneously, earning rewards from each. 2. Transaction Fees: Fee Distribution: Transaction fees are paid to miners who process transactions, incentivizing them to maintain the network. Transaction Prioritization: Higher fees incentivize miners to prioritize transactions during high network demand. 3. Unified Token: KDA is used across all chains for transaction fees, mining rewards, and smart contracts, simplifying the ecosystem. 4. Smart Contracts: Developers can use KDA within dApps, creating additional incentives for participation and interaction. Applicable Fees: 1. Transaction Fees: Fees are calculated based on the resources required for the transaction, with fluctuations based on network demand. Kadena offers low and predictable fees. 2. Smart Contract Execution: Kadena’s Pact smart contracts charge fees for execution, which vary based on contract complexity. Execution costs are low compared to networks like Ethereum. 3. Network Fees: Kadena’s multi-chain architecture allows for scalable transactions with lower costs, benefiting businesses and developers.

2024-10-12

2025-10-12

2599714073.29589 (kWh/a)

For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called 'top-down' approach is being used, within which an economic calculation of the miners is assumed. Miners are persons or devices that actively participate in the proof-of-work consensus mechanism. The miners are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. Hardware is pre-selected based on the consensus mechanism's hash algorithm: SHA256ASICBOOST. A current profitability threshold is determined on the basis of the revenue and cost structure for mining operations. Only Hardware above the profitability threshold is considered for the network. The energy consumption of the network can be determined by taking into account the distribution for the hardware, the efficiency levels for operating the hardware and on-chain information regarding the miners' revenue opportunities. If significant use of merge mining is known, this is taken into account. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.

29.306425042 (%)

1.87434 (kWh)

0.00000 (tCO2e/a)

1071071.95878 (tCO2e/a)

0.77222 (kgCO2e)

To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of electricity generated by renewables - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables.

To determine the GHG Emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Carbon intensity of electricity generation - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity Licenced under CC BY 4.0.