What is a stablecoin?
By definition, stablecoins are digital currencies that are tied to traditional assets such as the US dollar. Their primary aim is to maintain price stability, which sets them apart from other cryptocurrencies. By being pegged to more stable assets, they minimise the risk of price fluctuations, are intended to support more stable transactions in the crypto market and can be used as a means of payment. Different types of stablecoins use various methods of value backing to maximise their stability, making them a crucial link between the digital and traditional financial worlds.
How do stablecoins work?
Stablecoins function by pegging their value to a stable asset such as a fiat currency or gold. To maintain this peg, different mechanisms are used. Some stablecoins hold direct reserves in the pegged currency, while others use algorithms to stabilise their price.
These mechanisms aim to ensure that the price of a stablecoin remains steady and closely aligned with the value of the underlying asset, despite the volatility of the crypto market. As a result, stablecoins are often used in trading and may offer a more predictable digital payment method, depending on the context.
Decentralised backing with cryptocurrencies
Crypto-collateralised stablecoins represent an innovative form of decentralised backing. Instead of being supported by fiat currencies or physical assets, these stablecoins are backed by other crypto tokens or coins. The term “decentralised backing” refers to the fact that the value of these stablecoins is secured and regulated by a distributed network of crypto assets rather than a central authority.
“Collateralised” describes the process of securing value by depositing assets as collateral. In this case, cryptocurrencies are used as collateral to support the stablecoin’s value and shield it from the volatility commonly associated with digital currencies. This method offers increased transparency and security, as all transactions are recorded on a blockchain and can be verified by anyone. For example, when generating DAI, a well-known crypto-collateralised stablecoin, users must deposit Ether (the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain) at a higher value than the amount of DAI issued. This ensures that the stablecoin remains stable even if the value of the deposited Ether declines.
Centralised backing with traditional assets
Fiat-collateralised stablecoins follow a centralised backing model, using traditional, non-digital assets such as fiat currencies like the euro or US dollar for security. Unlike decentralised backing, which relies on crypto assets, this method is rooted in conventional financial systems. The value of these stablecoins directly reflects that of the underlying fiat currency on a one-to-one basis, supported by corresponding reserves held in the issuing entity’s bank accounts. This structure typically ensures high liquidity and allows for the direct exchange of digital and traditional currencies.
Centralised fiat backing requires a high level of trust in the issuing company, which must guarantee the redemption of digital currency into traditional money. Transparency through regular audits is crucial in maintaining this trust.
Algorithmic backing
Algorithmic stablecoins do not rely on physical collateral. Instead, their value is regulated through algorithms and automated systems. The concept is that smart contracts automatically increase or decrease the supply based on demand to maintain a stable price. This approach remains experimental, with concerns regarding its effectiveness and responsiveness in extreme market conditions. Additionally, regulatory challenges may arise, as the legal framework for algorithmic stablecoins is still under development.