Bitpanda Asset Management GmbH, Bitpanda GmbH

9845005X9B7N610K0093, 5493007WZ7IFULIL8G21

THETA

THETA is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Theta. The crypto-asset's Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, introduced with The Merge in 2022, replaces mining with validator staking. Validators must stake at least 32 ETH every block a validator is randomly chosen to propose the next block. Once proposed the other validators verify the blocks integrity. The network operates on a slot and epoch system, where a new block is proposed every 12 seconds, and finalization occurs after two epochs (~12.8 minutes) using Casper-FFG. The Beacon Chain coordinates validators, while the fork-choice rule (LMD-GHOST) ensures the chain follows the heaviest accumulated validator votes. Validators earn rewards for proposing and verifying blocks, but face slashing for malicious behavior or inactivity. PoS aims to improve energy efficiency, security, and scalability, with future upgrades like Proto-Danksharding enhancing transaction efficiency. Theta Network combines a Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus mechanism with Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve high security and throughput. Core Components: Hybrid BFT and PoS Model The modified BFT mechanism allows for fast transaction processing, while PoS secures the network by requiring participants to stake THETA tokens. Two-Layer Node Structure Enterprise Validator Nodes: Run by large enterprises and strategic partners, such as Google, Samsung, and Sony, Validator Nodes propose and validate new blocks. These nodes are required to stake a substantial amount of THETA to maintain network integrity. Guardian Nodes: Community-operated nodes that finalize blocks created by Validator Nodes. Guardian Nodes add a layer of security by preventing a single entity from controlling the network, supporting decentralization and consensus stability.

THETA is present on the following networks: Ethereum, Theta. The crypto-asset's PoS system secures transactions through validator incentives and economic penalties. Validators stake at least 32 ETH and earn rewards for proposing blocks, attesting to valid ones, and participating in sync committees. Rewards are paid in newly issued ETH and transaction fees. Under EIP-1559, transaction fees consist of a base fee, which is burned to reduce supply, and an optional priority fee (tip) paid to validators. Validators face slashing if they act maliciously and incur penalties for inactivity. This system aims to increase security by aligning incentives while making the crypto-asset's fee structure more predictable and deflationary during high network activity. Theta Network operates a dual-token economy with THETA and TFUEL to support network security, resource sharing, and transactions. Incentive Mechanisms: Staking Rewards THETA Staking: Users can stake THETA by operating Validator or Guardian Nodes, earning TFUEL as staking rewards. This model incentivizes users to contribute to network security and efficiency. Rewards for Resource Sharing Users who share their bandwidth and computing resources by relaying video streams are rewarded with TFUEL. This aligns with Theta’s vision of a decentralized content delivery network (CDN), encouraging broader participation in supporting video streaming and data delivery. Applicable Fees: TFUEL as the Operational Token Transaction Fees: TFUEL is used to pay for transaction fees on the Theta Network, covering smart contract executions and other network interactions. dApp Operations: TFUEL powers data delivery, video streaming, and payments within the Theta ecosystem, supporting operational needs for dApps on the network. Dual-Token Utility THETA serves as the governance token, enabling staking and securing the network through Validator and Guardian Nodes. TFUEL acts as the utility token, driving transaction fees and data delivery services essential to the network’s decentralized video streaming model.

2024-11-27

2025-11-27

734529.97183 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) ethereum, theta is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. The information regarding the hardware used and the number of participants in the network is based on assumptions that are verified with best effort using empirical data. In general, participants are assumed to be largely economically rational. As a precautionary principle, we make assumptions on the conservative side when in doubt, i.e. making higher estimates for the adverse impacts.

37.912410119 (%)

0.00029 (kWh)

0.00000 (tCO2e/a)

247.35807 (tCO2e/a)

0.00010 (kgCO2e)

To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of electricity generated by renewables - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables.

To determine the GHG Emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) - with major processing by Our World in Data. “Carbon intensity of electricity generation - Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity Licenced under CC BY 4.0.