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Haedal Protocol

Haedal Protocol is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Sui. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently. The Sui blockchain utilizes a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism optimized for high throughput and low latency. Core Components 1. Mysten Consensus Protocol: The Sui consensus is based on Mysten Labs' Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocol, which builds on principles of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) but introduces key optimizations for performance. Leaderless Design: Unlike traditional BFT models, Sui does not rely on a single leader to propose blocks. Validators can propose blocks simultaneously, increasing efficiency and reducing the risks associated with leader failure or attacks. Parallel Processing: Transactions can be processed in parallel, maximizing network throughput by utilizing multiple cores and threads. This allows for faster confirmation of transactions and high scalability. 2. Transaction Validation: Validators are responsible for receiving transaction requests from clients and processing them. Each transaction includes digital signatures and must meet the network’s rules to be considered valid. Validators can propose transactions simultaneously, unlike many other networks that require a sequential, leader-driven process. 3. Optimistic Execution: Optimistic Consensus: Sui allows validators to process certain non-contentious, independent transactions without waiting for full consensus. This is known as optimistic execution and helps reduce transaction latency for many use cases, allowing for fast finality in most cases. 4. Finality and Latency: The system only requires three rounds of communication between validators to finalize a transaction. This results in low-latency consensus and rapid transaction confirmation times, achieving scalability while maintaining security. Fault Tolerance: The system can tolerate up to one-third of validators being faulty or malicious without compromising the integrity of the consensus process.

Haedal Protocol is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Sui. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform. Security and Economic Incentives: 1. Validators: Validators stake SUI tokens to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards for validating transactions and securing the network. Slashing: Validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or failing to properly validate transactions. This helps maintain network security and incentivizes honest behavior. 2. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SUI tokens to trusted validators. In return, they share in the rewards earned by validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network. Fees on the SUI Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: Users pay transaction fees to validators for processing and confirming transactions. These fees are calculated based on the computational resources required to process the transaction. Fees are paid in SUI tokens, which is the native cryptocurrency of the Sui blockchain. 2. Dynamic Fee Model: The transaction fees on Sui are dynamic, meaning they adjust based on network demand and the complexity of the transactions being processed.

2024-11-27

2025-11-27

2.58672 (kWh/a)